Unit7
Lead-in
access： __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
alternative： __________________________________________________________________________________________
aspiration： __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
condemn： __________
democratic： __________
disparity： ______________________________
innovation：____________________________________________________________
poverty： ______________________________
Segregation： __________
stagnate： __________
Text comprehension
I C
Ⅱ
1.Upward social mobility is mentioned as part of the evidence that "the gap between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider.”The point is that although we cannot say social mobility in America is utterly impossible,it is not so likely in statistical terms,as detailed in Paragraph 4.
2.Because the inequality in education is the major cause that underlies "the gap between aspiration and reality,"i.e.the lack of equality of opportunity in America.
3.The major causes of the inequality of opportunity in education include
economic segregation,government policy and student loan debts.
4.The world image of the U.S.as well as its economic standing and stability will diminish.
5.Learning from Australia and Europe to ensure universal access to higher education in the U.S.
6.The author's thesis is presented at the beginning of Paragraph 2： "The gap between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider."Then he advances evidence of inequality of opportunity in current American society.Following this isthe author's explanation of what has given rise to the inequality and his understanding of the consequences of this phenomenon.Finally,he calls for the nation to take measures "to level the playing field."
Ⅲ
1.Although Americans may have different views about whether equality of outcomes is desirable or not,almost all of them agree that inequality of opportunity is unjustifiable.
2.Such stories as those written by Horatio Alger,where the heroes make a success from scratch,were not intended to fool us,but since they've misled us to contentment,it is just the same as if they had fooled us.
3： Does a child of poor or poorly educated parents have the same opportunity to get a good education and advance into the middle class as someone whose middle-class parents have college degrees?
4.It is hard to keep deceiving so many people on such serious issues for a longtime,and this is especially true in America,where self-deception has been going on for decades already.
5.Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity make each other公stronger than ever and weaken our economy.
Structural analysis of the text
The text can be divided into three parts the introductionand the conclusion.the author's thesis is expressed in the first sentence of Paragraph 2： "The gap between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider."The author accounts for this tragedy in Paragraphs 6-11.One reason is discrimination as described in Paragraph 6But the more important reason is the inequality of education,which is,of course,related to the financial background of the family,.Children from wealthy families have better education in terms of both quality and quality than those from poor families.The inequality of education gives rise to the inequality of opportunity.hence the failure of "our national myth."
Rhetorical features of the text
From the text we can find sentences of comparison as follows：
1....she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else,..
2.The gap between aspiration and reality could hardly be wider.
3： Today,the United States has less equality of opportunity than almost any other advanced industrial country.
后面还有4~18,因为字迹模糊不清，略过
Vocabulary
I
1.an invisible restriction
2.a minor reason to account for the phenomenon,i.e.the gap between aspiration and reality
3.of all economic classes
4.at work;in operation;which are working
5.at the verge of survival
6.an exception in statistics,i.e： statistically unlikely
7.becomes successful
8.make the opportunity in education equal to all children of both rich and poor families
Ⅱ
1.true to
2.democratize
3.contingent
4.reaffirm
5.Alternative
6.commitment
7.stagnate
8.surpassed
Ⅲ
1.disparity
2.underrepresented
3.contributing/contributory
4.reversed
5.drifting
6.discriminatory
7.diminishing/diminished
8.Suffice
IV
B A A D D B B C
V
1.reiterate
2.class
3.wealthy
4.continuing
5.diminish
6.reasonable
7.strong
8.crucial
VI
1.incapable of being maintained as right or valid
2.not hopeful;gloomy
3.overthrow;make void by a contrary decision
4.reduce;make less
5.dependent
6.moved slowly
Grammar
I
1.have told
2.have sufficed
3.to be thinking
4.have achieved
5.have rightly claimed
6.have gone
7.have been
8.to be getting running
Ⅱ
1.to have worked
2.to be using
3.to have been made_
4.to have found
5.to be lying
6.to be studied
Ⅲ
1.must be joking
2.must be dreaming
3.may have forgotten about it
4.might have been stolen
5.should have phoned first
6.would have helped you if you had asked.
IV
1.e.g.While I see what you mean,I can't agree with you.
2.e.g.The mistakes children make in learning to speak tell linguists more about the language acquisition mechanism than do the correct forms they use.
Translation
I
1.理想与现实之间的差距无以复加
2.霍雷肖·阿尔杰式乞丐变富翁的故事虽不是成心糊弄人，但确实让大家感到自满自足，因此也可以说是哄骗了大家。
3.虽然职场中的性别差异不像以前那样大了，但依旧存在无形的限制：公司高管中女人比率紧急不足，在首席实行官中比率极小
4.美国人渐渐认识到他们梦寐以求的社会阶层和经济地位的流动性只不过个神话而已
5.像美国如此的富国，把高等教育弄得中层和下层民众很难企及，这就失去了社会的良知
6.然而，更为要紧的是：让国内越发离得远远的大部分国人一同的理想，这个代价大家可付不起
Ⅱ
1.He is determined to surpass the achievements of his elder brothers.
2.Lulled by the almost uninterrupted economic growth,many European firms assumed that this would last forever.
3."We're trying to democratize luxury,"Goldenberg told me as we were walking in the industrial section of the town.
4.Virtually all western economies have seen wages stagnate or fall in recent years.
5.The evidence suggests that our sense of touch is programmed to diminish with age.
6.The report says design faults in both the vessels contributed to the tragedy.
Ⅲ
机会均等是一个与种姓等级体系相对立、但并不与等级体系本身相对立的政治理想。其基本假设是：一个社会包括一个由理想的职位和不理想的职位、上等的职位和下等的职位组成的等级体系。一个社会中也会有几个如此的体系。在种姓制社会里，个人在这个社会等级体系中的地方是由出身决定的。至少在爸爸妈妈的结合得到社会认同的状况下，子公你女即可自然获得爸爸妈妈的社会地位。在种姓制社会里，社会流动性或许不是没可能，但空英只有一些人可以被另一个社会阶层接纳，这要看他出生时所获得的社会地位。与此相反的是：假如机会均等在社会上占上风，那样个人在社会等级体系中的地方则取决于某种形式的角逐过程，而且所有社会成员都有资格平等角逐。对机会均等的观念不同，对平等角逐的理念的阐释也不同。
Exercises for integrated skills
I
What is equality /and what role should public education play in equalization /are two of the fundamental questions that arise./For most Americans,/equality of opportunity means /that no one should be denied equal access to citizenship rights./John sums up the popular interpretation of equality： /
“Equality of opportunity means /that all members of a society are given equal chances /to enter any occupation or social class./It does not mean everyone will have equal income and equal status;/rather,all have an equal chance to compete for any place in society."/
Nowhere has the misunderstanding been more highlighted /than in public education./Not only have fierce battles been waged,/but some of the most serious attempts to correct the inherited conflicts /have occurred in the schools./Multi-cultural education,funding,bilingualism,federal and state legislation /are some of the notable efforts employed in recent years /to equalize educational resources,practices,and opportunities.
Ⅱ
D C H F L O A B N I
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