01
一般目前时
标志：动词原形
1. 表示常常性或习惯性动作，常与表频度的时间状语连用：
She often speaks English.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2. 表示目前的状况、特点、职业、能力、感觉等：
He seems to feel a bit down today.
He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中：
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
4. 表示目前瞬间的动作：
Here comes the bus!
5. 表示以后
1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示将来的时间状语搭配用。容易见到的使用方法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等按期定点运行的交通情况。如：
The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
How often does the shuttle bus run?
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常用一般目前时表示以后发生的事情：
When Bill comes , ask him to wait for me.
I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.
02
一般过去时
标志：动词过去式
1. 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如：
Jim rang you just now.
Liu Ying was in America last year.
2. 表示过去常常或反复发生的动作，尤其是used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去常常。如：
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
She used to visit her mother once a week.
*注意区别sb. used to do sth.（某人过去常常做某事，此处to是动词不定式标志符号）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人习惯于某物/做某事，此处to是介词）。
3. 代替一般目前时，表示一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。此使用方法仅适用于少数动词（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情态动词could, would。如：
I wondered if you could have a word with me.
I hoped you could help me with my English.
Would you mind my sitting here?
4. 虚拟语气中用一般过去时表示目前或以后时间的动作或状况。常用句型有：
It is time that sb. did sth. “某人该做某事了”
would rather sb. did sth. “宁可某人做某事”
03
一般以后时
标志：will / shall + 动词原形
1. 表示以后发生的动作或存在的状况，一般与表示以后的时间状语连用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示倾向性和习惯性：
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般以后时的几种句式结构辨析：
1) will / shall + 动词原形
多用于表达主观愿望或一定会发生的事情（“将会怎么样”）
*shall作助动词时一般只用于第一人称
2) be going to + 动词原形
表示马上发生或计划要做的事：
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 动词原形
表示按计划或安排马上要发生的动作：
He is to visit Japan next year.
We are to discuss the report on Monday.
4) be about to + 动词原形
表示马上发生的动作，意为“立刻要做某事”，后面一般不跟时间状语，如：
The plane is about to start.
Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
04
目前进行时
标志：be + 动词的目前分词
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作：
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作（说话时动作未必正在进行）：
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，总是包括说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，一般与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示以后
1) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
Uncle Wang is coming.
They're leaving for Beijing.
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中，目前进行时表示以后某时正在发生的事情。如：
Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
05
过去进行时
标志：was / were + 动词的目前分词
1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作，过去进行时中常见的时间状语有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：
I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示过去反复出现或习惯性的动作，总是包括说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，一般与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 过去进行时有一个主要使用方法就是描述一件事情发生的背景（一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生）：
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
06
目前完成时
标志：have / has + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对目前产生影响或结果，强调的是目前的情况（表示“已完成”）。如：
He has left the city. （结果：他现在不在这个城市）
Someone has broken the window. （结果：窗户破了）
2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到目前，也会还会继续持续下去（表示“没有完成”）。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬间动词一般是不可以用目前完成时表持续性的，但其否定结构则可以。如：
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示过去到目前为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状况，常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如：
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在时间和条件状语从句中，目前完成时表示以后某时完成的动作。如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has sTOPped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 与目前完成时连用的容易见到词汇
能与目前完成时连用的词汇不少，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但容易见到的有：
1) since 自从
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在过去/近期…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here the last/past month.
3) so far 到现在为止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到目前为止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time I’ve been here.
It will be the first time I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最…
This is the best film that I’ve seen.
6. 目前完成时与一般过去时有什么区别
1) 目前完成时强调对目前的影响和结果，与目前有联系；
而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对目前的影响。如：
I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）
I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）
2) 目前完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没时间状语；
而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。
3) 目前完成时表示持续时一般用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；
而一般过去时常用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易错点辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬间动词用目前完成时表达，这是不对的。如：
He has died for two years. 他去世了两年了。
He has been dead for two years.
He died two years ago.
The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。
The film has been on for 10 minutes.
The film began 10 minutes ago.
She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。
She has been married for three years.
She married Mike three years ago.
2) 考生不懂怎么样区别have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地址，但have been to表示去过某地（目前已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（目前还没有回来）。如：
She has been to Paris .
She has gone to Paris.
07
过去完成时
标志：had + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状况。如：
By the end of last week he had finished the work.
He had left when I arrived.
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状况。如：
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.
3. 某些表意向的动词（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的过去完成时表示主语未曾达成的愿望、期望、计划。如：
I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
4. （虚拟语气）在条件状体从句或wish / would rather等后面的从句中，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如：
The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.
I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时
1) 基本不同：过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状况，即过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以目前时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状况。如：
He studied there two years ago.他两年前在那儿学习（离目前两年）
He said he had studied there two years before.他说他两年前在那儿学习过。（离他说话时两年）
2) 特别注意：两个动作假如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或者用then, and, but等连词连接时，多用一般过去时。如：
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
08
过去以后时
标志：would + 动词原形
1. 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状况，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：
He said he would come here next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
2. 表示过去的动作习惯或倾向：
The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.
When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.
3. 用于虚拟语气中：
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
4. 过去以后时的其他形式
1) was / were going to + 动词原形。如：
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
2) was / were to + 动词原形。如：
The building was to be completed next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
3) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
