英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
(1)名词(n.):表示人、事物、地址或抽象定义的名字。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,
(2)代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it .
(3)形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特点。如:good,right,white,orange .
(4)数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
(5)动词(v.):表示动作或状况。如:am,is,are,have,see .
(6)副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地址、程度等。如:now,very,here,often
(7)冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.
(8)介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,.
(9)连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before .
(10)感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.
英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“哪个”或者“什么”。一般用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.
(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状况,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans the room.
(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特点,回答是“什么”或者“如何”。一般由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping。
(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。一般由名词或代词担任。
如:He can spell the word.
有的及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter..
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .
(5)定语修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .
(6)状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,一般由副词担任。如:He works hard .
(7)宾语补足语用来讲明宾语如何或做什么,一般由形容词或动词充当。
如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.
同位语一般紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的状况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?
英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
(1)合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。
(2)派生法:
1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,
如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge
2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous
⑥Chinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an
如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每天的),nervous,delicious
3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,
如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。
(3)转换法:
1)形容词→动词,
如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
2)动词→名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。
3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
4)形容词→副词,如:early→early,fast→fast等等。
5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时间)→(当……时候),等等。
6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
因为英语国家的语言习惯与中国的语言习惯有很多区别,所以导致了很多同学在做选择或书写,或与人交谈中导致误用中国方法来对英语的问句作解答。
比如一个小姑娘十分好看,可爱,外国人见到时会讲:You are so beautiful,这个时候的答语应该是Thank you,假如外国人发现你的英语很好,他们会讲:Your English is very good,这个时候中国人常常会说:不,我说的不好。这纯是一种礼貌的答语,但不符合英语习惯。它正确的答语应是Thank you。
虽然交际英语有一些规律可讲,但更要紧的是学习外国的生活习惯,知道他们的文化背景,历史渊源,如此才能真的的学好一门外语。
【误】 - What can I do for you? - Yes, please help me.
【正】 - What can I do for you? - I'd like to buy a sweater.
【析】 What can I do for you? 这一问语事实上用于的情景不少,要依据具体状况而定。如在商店中售货员讲这句话应译为:你想要素什么?在其他场所也可以被译为:我能为你做些什么?它的答语应是直接讲出想让他们提供的帮忙。
【误】 - Which colour do you like? - Sorry,I don't like.
【正】 - Which colour do you like? - I prefer blue.
【析】 由which来提问的问句是要回答具体的选择,而不可以泛指,泛泛的回答。如Yes, I like it.
【误】 Do you like to come with us tonight?
【正】 Would you like to come with us tonight?
【析】 Do you like…问的是他们的习惯,如:Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而would you like… 则是一次性的邀请、建议。邀请的英语表达法还有如下几种:
Shall we go? 大家走吧! Let's go? 让大家走吧!
How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶怎么样?
What about a cup of coffee喝杯咖啡怎么样?
Why not buy it? 为何不买呢?
其一定答语一般为Certainly, Yes, O.K.All right, With pleasure
【误】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Not at all.
【正】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Never mind.
【析】 “在意不在意”这一问法与答语在中英文中有所不同。如:
- Do you mind my smoking here? - ________.
A. Yes, do it please. B. No, of course not.
C. Yes, take it please. D. No, you can't take it.
这个时候正确的选择应是B。其意为:不在意,当然不。而A选项则自相矛盾了,它应译为:是的我在意,请抽吧。而D选项是:不在意,你不可以抽。当向他们争求建议时,可以有 以下问法:
Do you mind if I open the door?
Would you mind mailing the letter for me?
其答语若是赞同应为:Certainly not,not at all.
而不认可时应为Yes或I'm sorry.
【误】 - What's that man? - He is Mike.
【正】 - What's that man? - He is a teacher.
【正】 - Who's that man? - He is Mike(He is Mike's father)
【析】 由what提问是问的职业,由who提问问的是名字或身份。
【误】 - How much are they? - Half a kilo, please
【正】 - How many bananas do you want?
- Half a kilo, please.
【析】 How much are they?问的是价格而不是实质物品的多少。
【误】 I'm sorry, but is this the way to the park?
【正】 Excuse me, but is this the way to the park?
【析】 I'm sorry 是对已经做错了的事向他们道歉时的开始语。而Excuse me是在打扰他们之前表达歉意的话。
【误】 - Have a good time tonight! - You are the same.
【正】 - Have a good time tonight! - The same to you.
【析】 The same to you是表达我也祝你有个愉快的夜晚,它是美语中的习惯使用方法。
【误】 - What's the problem? - I've got a headache.
【正】 - What's wrong with you? - I've got a headache.
【析】 What's wrong with you?是询问他们身体状况怎么样,而What's the problem?是问他们遇见了什么麻烦。
【误】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - Perhaps. You'd better do your homework first.
【正】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - I'm afraid not. You'd better do your homework first.
【析】 Perhaps是表示对一种拿不准的局势的推论,如:Am I right? Perhaps而I'm afraid not则表达一种不认可的态度。be afraid 的几种使用方法有:
I'm afraid that you are right.
其后直接加宾语从句。
- Will you come to my birthday party?
- I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father. He is in hospital.
其后+not,表示否定。
- Sorry, I don't want to go there alone, I'm afraid of the dog/
其后+名词,表示对某人,某物的害怕。
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam.
其后+of + 动名词,表示害怕做某事。
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam.
其后+ 不定式,表示不敢去做某事。
【误】 - How soon will you be ready? - Two days.
【正】 - How soon will you be ready? - In two days.
【析】 此题重点是要依据情景,身临其境,应该注意的是他们问了什么,就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。How soon问的是“还有多长时间才能作完”,这个时候要用 in two days, 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问,则答语可以用two days。
【误】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- I don't mind
- Monday and Tuesday of next week.
【正】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- When exactly.
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
【析】 有些对话是复杂的,稍有不慎就大概选错,而且英语中如选错了答案是困难找出错来的。I don't mind是可以用来回答 Would you mind…这一提问的,但如仔细看一看则会发现大家要使用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。依据下面一句的答语来断定要用when exactly?什么时间,如此才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。
【误】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Who are you?”
【正】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Hello? This is Tom speaking?”
【析】 在英语学习中,习惯使用方法事实上在某种状况,或某种意义上讲比语法更为要紧。假如只从句子的角度上去剖析,它们可能都是对的。譬如,当你拿起电话时,假如你想了解他们是哪个,可以问“Who's that(speaking)?”但不要讲“Who are you?”假如你想先介绍一下自己可以讲“This is ×××× speaking”而不要讲“I'm××××”也不要讲“My name is ×××××.”就语法而论,“Who are you?”“I'm ××××”“My name is ×××××”并很好,也是英语中可用的句子,但就打电话这一场所,就不适合用了。
【误】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I don't hope so.
【正】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I hope not.
【析】 因为新手对实质英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟知,如在一定答语中I think so,I hope so,I believe so是相同的,但在否定句中却常用I don't think so,但I don't believe so和I don't hope so则意为:我不信此事和我不期望此事发生。而I believe not和I hope not则为:我想可能不会发生吧!
【误】 - Is anybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【正】 - Is everybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【析】 很多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前,而不是习惯用语在先。所以一直要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词,用anybody。但Is anybody there? 在英语中为:这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为:全都到齐了吗?所以第一要考虑的是其答语。No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【误】 - Your handwriting is very good! - No, my handwriting is very poor.
【正】 - Your handwriting is very good! - Thank you.
【析】 中国人遇见其他人称赞,一直以谦逊为美德。但英美人则总是觉得自信是美德。所以当其他人夸奖你或赞美你时,就应说:Thank you。又譬如中国人见面时常讲Where are you going? 或Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则觉得你过多的干涉其他人的私生活了。而他们见面时总是问一些不重要的话,如:Hello! How are you going? (你过得如何)Morning! 等。而good morning和How do you do则被觉得是较合法的问候语,在日常则十分少见。
【误】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I'll go first”
【正】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I have to go.”
【析】 这两句答语都是正确的,其重点不是语法,而是习惯问题。假如在这种场所你讲I'll go first朋友们会迷惑不解,而 I have to go则表示因为外面的特殊缘由而导致的你要离去,而你本人则十分不愿做此事。
【误】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, and I'm too busy.
【正】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, but I'm too busy
【析】 I'm too busy与I'd like to在乎义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境,更要强调在语言的基础上的词汇辨析。
【误】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【正】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【析】 因为but所引出的句子可以看出Deter的来与不来是十分不确定的,所以应用may 来表达一个不愿定的事件。
【误】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Great, You look well too.
【正】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Thanks, You look well too
【析】 应该注意的是Great在口语中多表示惊叹,而Thanks则表示感谢他们的称赞。所以对情景谈话要有准确的断定,要依据情景,身临其境,上下对照,周密考虑,弄清场所,注意英美人的风俗习惯,重视语义上的词汇辨析,并要进行很多的语言实践训练,扩大实质交际能力。