2013年普通高等学校招生全国高中三年级英语统一考试

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）

试题副标题

考试范围：xxx；考试时间：120分钟；命题人：xxx

听下面的短对话，选出最好选项。

1.  （1分）  

A．A basketball player.

B．A laundry worker.

C．A window washer.

D．A rock climber.

2.  （1分）  

A．She is not hungry.

B．She wants to cook.

C．She is not tired.

D．She wants to dine out.

3.  （1分）  

A．Promising. B．Isolated. C．Crowded. D．Modern.

4.  （1分）  

A．To a stationery shop.

B．To a gymnasium.

C．To a paint store.

D．To a news stand.

5.  （1分）  

A．The man can see a different view.

B．The food is not tasty enough.

C．The man cannot afford the food.

D．The food is worth the price.

6.  （1分）  

A．She reads different kinds of books.

B．She also finds the book difficult to read.

C．She is impressed by the characters.

D．She knows well how to remember names.

7.  （1分）  

A．The man will go to the post office.

B．The post office is closed for the day.

C．The woman is expecting the newspaper.

D．The delivery boy has been dismissed.

8.  （1分）  

A．She is not sure if she can join them.

B．She will skip the class to see the film.

C．She will ask the professor for leave.

D．She does not want to see a film.

9.  （1分）  

A．Fashion designing is a booming business.

B．School learning is a must for fashion designers.

C．He hopes to attend a good fashion school.

D．The woman should become a fashion designer.

10. （1分）  

A．Few people drive within the speed limit.

B．Drivers usually obey traffic rules.

C．The speed limit is really reasonable.

D．The police sTOP most drivers for speeding.

听下面的长对话，选出最好选项。

11. A．A book publisher.

B．A company manager.

C．A magazine editor.

D．A school principal.

12. A．Some training experience.

B．A happy family.

C．Russian assistants' help.

D．A good memory.

13. A．Lynn's devotion to the family.

B．Lynn's busy and successful life.

C．Lynn's great performance at work.

D．Lynn's efficiency in conducting programs.

14. A．Economic questions.

B．Routine questions.

C．Academic questions.

D．Challenging questions.

15. A．Work experience.

B．Educational qualifications.

C．Problem-solving abilities.

D．Information-gathering abilities.

16. A．Features of different types of interview.

B．Skills in asking interview questions.

C．Changes in three interview models.

D．Suggestions for different job interviews.

听下面的录音，填写正确的单词或短语。

17. （4分）  

18. （4分）  

An Interview with David, aSkateboarding Lover

19. （1分）–I'm looking for a nearby place for my holiday. Any good ideas?

–How about the Moon Lake? It is __________ easy reach of the city.

A．by B．beyond C．within D．from

20. （1分）Those who smoke heavily should remind __________ of health, the bad smell and the feelings of other people.

A．theirs B．them C．themselves D．oneself

21. （1分）Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn't enter the house, for he __________ his key at school.

A．had left B．would leave C．was leaving D．has left

22. （1分）It's a __________ clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.

A．charming French small

B．French small charming

C．small French charming

D．charming small French

23. （1分）The school board is made up of parents who __________ to make decisions about school affairs.

A．had been elected

B．had elected

C．have been elected

D．have elected

24. （1分）They promised to develop a software package by the end of this year, __________ they might have.

A．however difficult

B．how difficult

C．whatever difficulty

D．what difficulty

25. （1分）The judges gave no hint of what they thought about, so I left the room really __________.

A．worried B．to be worried

C．being worrying D．having worried

26. （1分）The students are looking forward to having an opportunity __________ society for real-life experience.

A．explore B．to explore C．exploring D．explored

27. （1分）I have no idea __________ the cell phone isn't working, so could you fix it for me?

A．what B．why C．if D．which

28. （1分）Young people may risk __________ deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.

A．to go B．to have gone C．going D．having gone

29. （1分）Yesterday I received a text message __________ my credit card account number.

A．asked for B．ask for

C．asking for D．having asked for

30. （1分）I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise __________ I am sitting.

A．before B．until C．unless D．where

31. （1分） __________ at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.

A．To look B．Looking

C．Having looked D．Look

32. （1分）An ecosplayystem consists of the living and nonliving things in an area __________ interact with one another.

A．that B．where C．who D．what

33. （1分）Among the crises that face humans __________ the lack of natural resources.

A．is B．are C．is there D．are there

34. （1分）Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in __________ they are wearing.

A．that B．what C．how D．which

As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the __________ of our mother's face well before we can recognize her body shape. It's __________ how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don't learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100, 000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to __________ such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes __________ for facial recognition.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in __________ a specific area of the brain called thefusi form face area, which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from __________ in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been __________ thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but __________ involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person's face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This complex __________ is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations.

Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is: Is economic globalization __________ for all?

According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce __________ in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth __________ to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration of local economies into the world economy. Home to some three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes __________ at an average rate of five percent-compared to two percent in developed countries.

Those who __________ globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. __________ small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in __________ open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually __________ the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U. N.—sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually __________ from integration into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. __________ they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to __________ their products may soon face fierce competition that could pot them out of __________. When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to __________ and will be crowded out.

One thing is certain about globalization—there is no __________. Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The __________ now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.

44. A．possible B．smooth C．good D．easy

45. A．crime B．poverty C．conflict D．population

46. A．contributing B．responding C．turning D．owing

47. A．remain B．drop C．shift D．increase

48. A．doubt B．define C．advocate D．ignore

49. A．In addition B．For instance

C．In other words D．All in all

50. A．mature B．new C．local D．foreign

51. A．finding B．exploring C．bridging D．widening

52. A．suffered B．profited C．learned D．withdrawn

53. A．Furthermore B．Therefore C．However D．Otherwise

54. A．consume B．deliver C．export D．advertise

55. A．trouble B．business C．power D．mind

56. A．keep up B．come in C．go around D．help out

57. A．taking off B．getting along

C．holding out D．turning back

58. A．agreement B．prediction C．outcome D．challenge

For some people, music is no fun at all. about four percent of the population is what scientists call "amusic." People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes . Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs. Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale.

As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics. Their inability to enjoy music set them apart from others. It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition. In fact, most people cannot begin to grasp what it feels like to be amusic. Just going to a restaurant or a shopping mall can be uncomfortable or even painful. That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music. However, this can result in withdrawal and social isolation. "I used to hate parties," says Margaret, a seventy-year-old woman who only recently discovered that she was amusic. By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify this unusual condition.

Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different from the brains of people who can appreciate music. The difference is complex, and it doesn't involvedefective hearing. Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well. They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech. Scientists compare amusics to people who just can't see certain colors.

Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed . For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. "When people invite me to a concert, I just say, 'No thanks, I'm amusic,'" says Margaret. "I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy."

59. Which of the following is true of amusics?

A．Listening to music is far from enjoyable for them.

B．They love places where they are likely to hear music.

C．They can easily tell two different songs apart.

D．Their situation is well understood by musicians.

60. According to paragraph 3, a person with "defective hearing" is probably one who __________.

A．dislikes listening to speeches

B．can hear anything nonmusical

C．has a hearing problem

D．lacks a complex hearing system

61. In the last paragraph, Margaret expressed her wish that __________.

A．her problem with music had been diagnosed earlier

B．she were seventeen years old rather than seventy

C．her problem could be easily explained

D．she were able to meet other amusics

62. What is the passage mainly concerned with?

A．Amusics'strange behaviours.

B．Some people's inability to enjoy music.

C．Musical talent and brain structure.

D．Identification and treatment of amusics.

How Laundry Automatic Dryer Product

Full Two Year Warranty

Limited Five Year Warranty on Cabinet

Warranty Provides for:

FIRST TWO YEARS Amana will repair or replace any faulty part free of charge.

THIRD THRU FIFTH YEARS Amana will provide a free replacement part for any cabinet which proves faulty due to rust .

Warranty Limitations:

* Warranty begins at date of original purchase.

* Applies only to product used within the United States or in Canada if product is approved by Canadian Standards Association when shipped from factory.

* Products used on a commercial or rental basis not covered by this warranty.

* Senice must be performed by an Amana servicer.

* Adjustments covered during first year only.

Owner's Responsibilities:

* Provide sales receipt.

* Normal care and maintenance.

* Having the product reasonably accessible for service.

* Pay for service calls related to product installation or usage instructions.

* Pay for extra senice cosplayts, over normal service charges, if servicer is requested to perform service outside servicer's normal business hours.

Warranty Does Not Cover It If:

* Product has damage due to product alteration, connection to an improper electrical supply, shipping and handling, accident, fire, floods, lightning or other conditions beyond the control of Amana.

* Product is improperly installed or applied.

In no event shall Amana be responsible for consequential damages:

* This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may have others which vary from state to state. For example, some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so this exclusion may not apply to you.

63. According to Warranty Limitations, a product can be under warranty if __________.

A．shipped from a Canadian factory

B．rented for home use

C．repaired by the user himself

D．used in the U.S.A.

64. According to Owner's Responsibilities, an owner has to pay for __________.

A．the loss of the sales receipt

B．a servicer's overtime work

C．the product installation

D．a mechanic's transportation

65. Which of the following is true according to the warranty?

A．Consequential damages are excluded across America.

B．A product damaged in a natural disaster is covered by the warranty.

C．A faulty cabinet due to rust can be replaced free in the second year.

D．Free repair is available for a product used improperly in the first year.

A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.

"It's extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components ," said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. "The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own," he said.

They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly." The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it's connected to," said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.

While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers' fields or on the battlefield. "Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around," he said.

Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications." You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead, "he said." So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis."

66. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.

A．they had no model in their mind

B．they did not have sufficient time

C．they had no ready-made components

D．they could not as百度竞价推广ble the components

67. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3and 4that the robotic fly __________.

A．consists of a flight device and a control system

B．can just fly in limited areas at the present time

C．can collect information from many sources

D．has been put into wide application

68. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?

A．The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.

B．Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.

C．There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.

D．Wood's design can replace animals in some experiments.

69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．Father of Robotic Fly

B．Inspiration from Engineering Science

C．Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect

D．Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study

__________

The use of health supplements such as multivitamin tablets has increased greatly in the western world. People take these supplements because advertising suggests that they prevent a range of medical conditions from developing. However, there is concern that people are consuming worryingly high doses of these supplements and the European Union has issued a directive that will ban the sale of a wide range of them. This EU directive should be supported.

__________

Research suggests that people who take Vitamin C supplements of over 5000 milligrams a day are more likely to develop cancer. This shows how much damage these health supplements do to people's health. A spokesman for the health supplement industry has argued that other research shows that Vitamin C supplements help prevent heart disease, but we can dismiss this evidence as it is from a biased source.

__________

Science fiction of the 1960s and 1970s predicted that pills would replace meals as the way in which people would get the fuel they needed. This, it was argued, would mean a more efficient use of time as people wouldn't have to waste it preparing or eating meals. The EU directive would help prevent this nightmare of pills replacing food becoming a reality.

__________

Peop0le already take too many pills instead of adopting a healthier lifestyle. For example, the consumption of painkillers in Britain in 1998 was 21 tablets per year for every man, woman and child in the country. People do not need all these pills.

__________

Some might argue that the EU directive denies people's right to freedom of choice. However, there are many legal examples for such intervention when it is in the individual's best interests. We now make people wear seatbelts rather than allowing them to choose to do so. Opposing the EU directive would mean beneficial measures like this would be threatened.

A．Healthy way of life giving way to overuse of medicine.

B．Different findings as to taking additional vitamin.

C．EU's response to overuse of health products.

D．Worrying increase in multivitamin advertising.

E．EU directive for the benefit of individuals.

F．EU directive against prediction in novels.

A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time. The researchers form the University of Bristol used 谷歌 Ngram Viewer, a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to search for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislike, fear, joy, sadness and surprise.

They found that almost all of the categories showed a drop in these "mood words" over time. only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.

"It is a steady and continuous decrease," said Dr Alberto Acerbi. He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a crowded media landscape. "One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media. Maybe these media—movies, radio, drama—had more emotional content than books."

Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal PLOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour: the ratio between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring historical events.

During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash. But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War. Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends. In the paper, they even argue that the reverse could be true.

"It has been suggested, for example, that it was the suppression of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing 'filled with romance and sex' …perhaps, "they conclude," songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body."

75. A study of more than five million books indicated a decline in "mood words" over time except __________.

76. According to Dr Alberto Acerbi, one reason for the drop of "mood words" in books may be that __________.

77. What were the two periods when the joy-to-sadness ratio was at its highest?

__________________________________________________________________

78. While the researchers found some changes in the use of "mood words" in books, they were not sure that __________.

79. （3分）今年元旦大家玩得非常高兴。（enjoy）

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

80. （4分）舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我十八岁过生日。（congratulate）

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

81. （4分）历经多年的建设，这个小镇目前和地震前一样充满了活力。（as…as…）

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

82. （4分）演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。（familiar）

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

83. （5分）她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。（No sooner）

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

84. （25分）上海博物馆拟举办一次名画展，现就展登场所（博物馆还是社区图书馆）寻求公众建议，假设你是王敏，给上海博物馆写一封信表达你的想法。你的信需要满足以下需要：

1. 简述你写信的目的及你对场合的选择；

2. 说明你的原因（从便利性，专业性等方面对这两个场合进行对比）。

参考答案及分析

1、 听短对话选择

1.  【答案】C

 【分析】本题问题为这个人是什么工作？依据 I wash office building windows. I go high up in a basket to reach the windows.可知这个人是窗户清洗工。故选C。

2.  【答案】D

 【分析】本题问题为女子在暗示什么？依据 M: Should we go out or eat in tonight? W: I am too tired to do any cooking.可知她想出去吃。故选D。

3.  【答案】B

 【分析】本题问题为女子觉得她的家乡如何？依据 It’s so beautiful and peaceful, but it’s really far away from everything.可知她觉得她的家乡与社会隔绝。

4.  【答案】A

 【分析】本题问题为说话者或许会去什么地方？依据 W: My printer is out of paper. I’ll run and get some. M: I’ll go with you. I need some fresh air.可知说话者将去文具店。故选A。

5.  【答案】D

 【分析】本题问题为女子的意思是？依据 You’ll have a different view after eating the delicious food.可知女子觉得这类食物值得这个价格。故选D。

6.  【答案】B

 【分析】本题问题为女子在暗示什么？依据 I know how you feel. Who could remember the names of 35 different characters!可知女子也觉得这本书非常难读。故选B。

7.  【答案】C

 【分析】本题问题为大家能从对话中得知什么？依据 Why haven’t we received any newspaper here yet?可知这位女性正在等报纸。故选C。

8.  【答案】A

 【分析】本题问题为大家能从这位女性身上获悉什么？依据 But my class ends at 7:30 and the professor never finishes on time.可知她不确定是不是她能加入他们。故选A。

9.  【答案】B

 【分析】本题问题为男性的意思是？依据 Find a good school and learn as much as you can.可知他觉得对时装设计师来讲去学校学习是需要的。故选B。

10. 【答案】A

 【分析】本题问题为男子的意思是？依据 Most drivers usually ignore the speed limit unless they think the police will sTOP them.可知极少有人会在限速之内开车。故选A。

2、 听长对话选择

●

11. 【答案】D

 【分析】本题问题为演讲者以前的工作是什么？依据 My previous job was as principal of a language school.可知演讲者之前是一所语言学校的校长。故选D。

12. 【答案】D

 【分析】本题问题为何能够帮助此人提升效率？依据 I am grateful I have a photographic memory so I can remember everything I see. Otherwise, I might not be that productive.可知此人有过目不忘的记忆力，这帮助他提升了效率。故选D。

13. 【答案】B

 【分析】本题问题为这篇文章主要告诉大家什么？依据整篇演讲可知Lynn有着忙碌成功的生活。故选B。

●

14. 【答案】B

 【分析】依据This is usually just a series of standard questions about qualifications, work experience and expectations.可知在传统面试中的问题涉及资格证，工作经验和工作期望等，这类都是常规问题，故选B。

15. 【答案】C

 【分析】依据Here the interviewer presents a problem and a series of questions to find out how the candidate would approach the problem.可知在案例面试中会问一些问题来看候选者解决问题的能力，故选C。

16. 【答案】A

 【分析】依据第一句话 Job interviews can generally be divided into three types.下面详细叙述了每种面试的名字和特点，故选A。

3、 听力填空

17. 【答案】November或Nov.；

Center或Centre；

850；

African；

 【分析】空1: 依据 I'm calling about the conference in Shanghai on November 8th. 故填November或Nov.。

空2: 依据 The Palace Center will be free that day, 故填Center或Centre。

空3: 依据 it will mean increasing the registration fee by $50. From$800 to $850. 故填850.

空4: 依据 But the talk would be the same, Opportunities and Risks in the African Market. 故填African。

18. 【答案】with good grades；

sit still；

plan或create PE classes；

new tricks；

 【分析】空1: 依据 I was able to get my school work done with good grades. 故填with good grades。

空2: 依据 My only problem was that I had so much physical energy that I could not sit still in class. 故填sit still。

空3: 依据  He let us plan our own P.E. classes. So guess what class I created. 故填plan或create PE classes。

空3: 依据  Yeah. Other skaters had this smooth flowing style, but I was kind of like a robot always coming up with new tricks. 故填new tricks。

4、 单选题

19. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查介词辨析。句意：–我在找附近合适度假的地方，有哪些好主意吗？–月亮湖如何？它就在大家市的附近。A项“通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在…...之前”；B项“超越；越过；那一边；在…...较远的一边”；D项“来自，从；因为；以后”；C项“在...…之内”；此处句中"reach"的意思为“伸出的距离，可达到的距离、范围”，能跟该词搭配的有“beyond reach够不着、找不到”和“within reach在附近、够得着”。依据上下句的意思可知，“在这个城市的附近”，C项符合语境，故选C。

20. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查代词辨析。句意：那些吸烟非常凶的人必须要提醒他们自己注意健康，与难闻的烟味给其他人的感受。remind sb. of sth.提醒某人注意某事。题干中指的是提醒他们自己，故选C。

21. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查动词时态。句意：Bob打电话告诉他母亲他进不了家了，由于他把钥匙落学校里了。依据句中called用了一般过去时可知，Bob打电话是发生在过去，而钥匙落学校里则是发生在打电话之前；故此处是表示发生过去某时间之前的动作，用过去完成时；故选A。

22. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查多个形容词顺序。句意：那是一个十九世纪黄铜做的好看的法国小闹钟。名词被多个形容词修饰时，一般的排列顺序是：限定词，描述性形容词，大小形状颜色，国籍材料用途。句中charming是描述性形容词，大小在前，国籍在后。故选D。

23. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：学校的董事会由那些被推选来就学校事务做决定的爸爸妈妈组成的。elect意为选举，推选，它的主语是关系词who所代指的parents，该句句意为，学校的董事会由那些被推选来就学校事务做决定的爸爸妈妈组成的。依据句意可知，爸爸妈妈和elect之间是被动关系，因此排除BD选项。由于主句is made up of是一般目前时，故排除A项，由句意得知表示已经被推选出来，用目前完成时，故选C。

24. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查状语从句。句意：他答应无论有哪些困难，年底都要开发一个软件包。题干中从句they might have缺少宾语，要用名词或代词；how修饰形容词或副词，what修饰名词；what连接名词性从句，whatever连接状语从句，表示无论什么。故选C。

25. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查非谓语动词。句意：评委们没流露出任何有关他们想法的线索或暗示，所以我心情焦虑地离开了房间。worry是表示情感的使役动词，其有两个由分词变来的形容词worrying（使......担心）和worried（对......感到担心/焦虑），做状语时只用单个分词。故选A。

26. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查非谓语动词。句意：学生们一直盼着有机会体验社会，（以期）得到真的的生活经验。动词不等式作名词的后置定语时，一般与被修饰名词构成主动或被动关系，但若是抽象名词chance，opportunity等时，则没如此的限制。故选B。

27. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查名词性从句。句意：我不了解为何手机不可以工作了，你能帮我修修吗？idea后面的从句是对idea的讲解说明，所以是同位语从句。由so引导的从句so could you fix it for me可知，手机坏了，所以用why来引导同位语从句，故选B。

28. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查固定使用方法。句意：青年假如天天都置身于很吵闹的音乐中的话，有变聋的风险。risk后面多用动名词作宾语，risk doing sth.意为“险做某事”；if引导的为一条件状语从句；be exposed to置身于，暴露于；故选C。

29. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查非谓语动词。句意：昨天我收到一条索要我信用卡账号的短信。剖析句子成分可知" __________ my credit card account number"是来修饰限定前面的名词message的，message 跟动词短语ask for是逻辑上的主动关系，换句话说也就是逻辑上的主谓关系，那样可以排除表被动的A选项；ask for是谓语动词，可以排除B选项；又由于动词receive与动词ask for之间无明显的时间上的先后发生顺序，可以排除having asked for。通过以上剖析可知答案选C。可以把它改写成定语从句"Yesterday I received a text message that/which asked for my credit card account number." 故选C。

30. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查状语从句。句意：我听不清教授讲话，由于我坐的地方太吵了。before在前面；until直到；unless除非；where哪儿。题干中用的是there be结构，表示某地有某物。where引导地址状语从句，表示某地（我坐的地方）。故选D。

31. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查祈使句。句意：看那些照片、插图和标题，你就能猜出那本书是关于什么了。由句意结合and可知，该句考察的是“祈使句+and+陈述句”的句型，and前后为两个并且的句子。比如Read that book and you will know more about the machine. 故选D。

32. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查定语从句。句意：一个生态系统由一个地区内的可以相互用途的生物和非生物成的。剖析句子结构可知，"__________ interact with one another"是定语从句，修饰先行词"the living and nonliving things"，故排除D项，"what"不可以用于定语从句。在该定语从句中，谓语动词"interact"前缺少主语，因此排除B项。"that"既能够代指人，也可以代指物，"who"只能代指人，依据中的先行词是"the living and nonliving things"是既有人又有物，因此只可以用"that"，故选A。

33. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查倒装句和主谓一致。句意：缺少自然资源是人类面临的海量危机之一。依据句子结构可知，该句为完全倒装句。使用方法为，表示方法或方位的副词或介词短语放句首，该句中为（among the crises that face humans），句子要用完全倒装，即把谓语动词提前到主语之前。由此可知，该句的主语为the lack of natural resources单数，句子本来应为The lack of natural resources is among the crises that face humans. 故选A。

34. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查名词性从句。句意：一些人很关注我们的外表，一直询问他们穿的衣服是不是看着得体。依据look fine in可知，后面跟的是名词性从句中的宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少wear的宾语，选项中that在名词性从句中是不充当任何成分的，因此排除A，what在名词性从句中充当主语，宾语和表语，意为“什么”因此选择B项。how只能充当状语，因此排除C，which在名词性从句中可以充当主语，宾语和表语，意为“哪一个”，就是要有一个选择的范围才行，也可排除。故选B。

5、 使用适合的单词或短语填空

●   【剖析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了大家的大脑可以辨别不同类型的脸部表情，新生婴儿即刻就能认源于己母亲的脸部轮廓，成人后可以分辨十万个不一样的人脸。其大脑所拥有的这种惊人的记忆是让人叹服的；麻省理工学院及英国伦敦大学学院的研究职员对此进行了深入的研究。

35. 【答案】composition；

 【分析】考查名词。composition意为“结构，组成”，这里表示“认出妈妈的脸部构成”，由后面的we can recognize her body shape可推出是辨别母亲的脸部轮廓。故选composition。

36. 【答案】fascinating；

 【分析】考查形容词。fascinating意为“有趣的，迷人的”，此处为句型"It's fascinating/interesting/exciting that/how…"，表示…...是这样有趣。强调这种行为的惊奇；故选fascinating。

37. 【答案】recall；

 【分析】考查动词。recall意为“回忆，回想”，此处依据常用搭配find it difficult to do sth.得出应选择动词，recall such a simple thing as a phone number表示“回想出简单的电话号码”。故选recall。

38. 【答案】necessary；

 【分析】考查形容词。necessary意为“必要的”，此处necessary for facial recognition作后置定语修饰the specific areas，表示“辨别人脸必要的地区”。故选necessary。

39. 【答案】locate；

 【分析】考查动词。locate意为“定位”。此处有搭配succeed in sth./doing sth.，故要选择动名词形式。这里意为“成功定位到一个脑部具体地区FFA”。故选locate。

40. 【答案】elsewhere；

 【分析】考查副词。elsewhere意为“其他地方”。由上文判断出既然人脸辨别是一个专门的地区进行处置，那样此处“对其它物体的辨别”自然是大脑中“其它地方”了。故选elsewhere。

41. 【答案】previously；

 【分析】考查副词，previously意为“先前的”。依据上文判断得出人脸辨别需要看到整张脸，因此此处的想法“大家仅需看一些脸部特点”是“先前的”。 故选previously。

42. 【答案】instead；

 【分析】考查副词。instead意为“代替，而不是”。此处依据两句话的意思判断出是转折替代关系，故选instead。

43. 【答案】processing；

 【分析】考查名词，processing意为“处置，进程”。依据语法判断出此处填名词，由上下文意思得出用processing，表示“这一复杂的处置过程在瞬间完成”。故选processing。

6、 完形填空

●   【剖析】本文为议论文。文章论述了当今社会经济全球化的优势和弊端。

44. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查形容词辨析。A. 可能的；B. 平滑的；C. 有好处的；D. 容易的。依据上下文可以看出，此文章是针对经济全球化的利弊而进行的讨论，那第一段所抛出的问题势必是：全球化是不是对有益于任何国家？因此选项中good为正确答案。故选C。

45. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查名词辨析。A. 犯罪；B. 贫穷；C. 矛盾；D. 人口。依据上下文判断，经济全球化给进步中国家带来的影响最准确的应该描述为reduce poverty，而非population，crime和conflict。故选B。

46. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查动词短语辨析。A. 贡献，有益于；B. 回话；C. 转向，求助；D. 归功于。进步中国家财富的增加（increased wealth）在一定量上促进了教育水平的提升（improved education） 和人口寿命的延长（longer life），所以答案为A. contributing to：能够帮助。故选A。

47. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查动词辨析。A. 维持；B. 降低；C. 转换；D. 增加。世界银行（World Bank ）觉得经济全球化帮助进步中国家减少贫困，那势必带来收入的提升，故选D。

48. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查动词辨析。A. 怀疑；B. 规定，使明确；C. 倡导，促进；D. 忽略。读完第三段后不难发现，本段的主要看法是倡导进步中国家参与经济全球化过程，故选C。

49. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查短语辨析。A. 除此之外；B. 比如；C. 换句话说；D. 总之。第三段中第一句提到，进步中国家的小生意（small and home-based businesses）将会受益于经济全球化所带来的机会，巴西（Brazil）农商品销售市场的扩大就是其中的例子之一，所以这里的转折词为B。故选B。

50. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查形容词辨析。A. 成熟的；B. 新的；C. 当地的；D. 外国的。受经济全球化影响，巴西的农商品可以在全世界范围内（worldwide）销售，那与此对应，原来农商品的销售范围应为为国内或者是当地（local open-air market），故选C。

51. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查动词辨析。A. 发现；B. 探索；C. 交流；D. 扩大。第四段中，评论家觉得经济全球化会扩大贫富差距，因此对其持反对态度。扩大贫富差距为 widen the gap between…，故选D。

52. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查动词辨析。A. 遭受；B. 收益；C. 掌握；D. 撤退。此处考察“得益于…...”的另外一种说法：profit from… 故选B。

53. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查副词辨析。A. 而且；B. 因此；C. 但；D. 不然。评论家在发表经济全球化会扩大贫富差距后，又发表另外一个看法"they maintain…"，这两个看法之间是递进的关系，故选A。

54. 【答案】C

 【分析】考查动词辨析。A. 消费；B. 投递；C. 出口；D. 做广告。进步中国家受益于经济全球化集中体目前能将商品销售到海外的市场，即出口到海外。故选C。

55. 【答案】B

 【分析】考查名词辨析。A. 麻烦；B. 商业，买卖；C. 权力，力量；D. 思想。全球化的市场合带来的角逐也可以致使一些国家最后没买卖做或者说一些生产厂家的破产。故选B。

56. 【答案】A

 【分析】考查动词短语辨析。A. 维持，保持；B. 进去；C. 参观，转动；D. 帮助。进步中国家小规模生产的产品一旦被大规模生产，这类国家就会渐渐落后并被淘汰。not keep up意为落后，所以四个选项中A表达意思最准确。故选A。

57. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查动词短语辨析。A. 起飞，脱掉；B. 相处；C. 伸出，拿出；D. 往回走，扭转。经济全球化进步是大趋势，不可逆转的，故选D。

58. 【答案】D

 【分析】考查名词辨析。A. 协议；B. 预测；C. 结果；D. 挑战。在讨论了不同人对经济全球化所持的看法后，得出结论，现在面临的最大挑战是怎么样让经济全球化为所有人的利益服务。故选D。

7、 阅读理解

●   【剖析】这是一篇说明文，讲述了一种特殊疾病——amusic（失歌症）的研究结果进行了介绍说明。对他们而言，音乐好似噪音一般，没任何乐趣。没赏析音乐的能力给他们的生活带来了很多不便，不过，让人开心的是，他们的这种情况现在已得到诊断，他们的大脑与可以赏析音乐的人的大脑有所不同，而且这种差异非常复杂。

59. 【答案】A

 【分析】推理判断题。依据"That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music."（那就是很多没乐感的人有意地离得远远的有音乐的地方是什么原因），由此可以排除B项“他们喜欢非常可能听到音乐的地方”。依据"Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs."（没乐感的人常常不可以说出两首歌曲的不同）排除C项“他们能比较容易区域别出两首歌”。依据文中"It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition."（对于别的人来讲，认可他们会非常难），因此排除D项“音乐家们非常理解他们的境况”。最后依据文章的第一句"For some people, music is no fun at all. about four percent of the population is what scientists call amusic."（对于一些人来讲，音乐对他们说没任何乐趣而言），可知A项“听音乐对他们来讲完全不是愉快的”为正确答案。故选A。

60. 【答案】C

 【分析】推理判断题。依据关键字"defective hearing"定位第三段，依据"…and it doesn't involve defective hearing. Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well. They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech. Scientists compare amusics to people who just can't see certain colors."（它与听力障碍无关。没乐感的人可以非常不错地理解其他非音乐的声音。对于普通的演讲理解起来也没任何问题。科学家们把没乐感的人比作不可以看见某些颜色的人），由此排除A 项“不喜欢听演讲的人”；B项“能听到任何非音乐的声音”与D项“缺少一个复杂的听力系统”。锁定答案C项“有听力障碍的”。故选C。

61. 【答案】A

 【分析】推理判断题。依据最后一段"I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy."（我只不过期望我十七岁而不是七十岁的时候掌握说那句话啊），这是一个虚拟语气的句子，可以看出Margaret说这句话的时候，已经七十岁了，因此排除B项“她十七了而不是七十了”，同时也排除C项“她的问题非常不错讲解”；选项D“她能见到其他的没乐感的人”从Margaret的愿望中，大家看不出这个意思了，因此排除D项。故选A。

62. 【答案】B

 【分析】主旨大意题。文章的第一段告诉读者：大约4%的人音乐对于他们而言，没任何乐趣可言，他们没分辨与再现音调的能力；第二段讲述歌曲对于没乐感的人来讲听起来像噪音，与由此给他们的生活带来的不便；第三段剖析了缘由，是由于他们的大脑与能赏析音乐的人的大脑不同导致的，但这又不同于有听力障碍的人；最后一段以Margaret为例，说明他们的这种情况最后得以诊断。因此，可以排除A项“没乐感的人奇怪行为”C项“音乐才能与大脑结构”与D项“没乐感的人有什么区别与治疗”，锁定答案B项“一些人没赏析音乐的能力”。故选B。

●   【剖析】本文一篇说明文，这是一份商品的保修单。一篇烘干机的保修状况说明，文中详细地说明了这款家用自动洗衣烘干机的保修范围、保修期限等。

63. 【答案】D

 【分析】细节理解题。依据"Warranty Limitations"保修限制部分的"Applies only to product used within the United States or in Canada."适用于在美国或者加拿大用的商品，可知D项正确。依据"if product is approved by Canadian Standards Association when shipped from factory."适用于商品从工厂运输时由加拿大标准协会批准的商品，并非说必须要从加拿大的工厂运出来。因此A项错误。依据"Products used on a rental basis not covered by this warranty."租用的商品是不覆盖在保修范围的，因此排除B项。依据"Service must be performed by an Amana service"服务需要是在Amana的修理工来操作的，从而排除C项，故选D。

64. 【答案】B

 【分析】细节理解题。依据从该部分的最后两条里面找。需要付钱的项目里面没A项，因此排除。依据"Pay for extra service cosplayts, over normal service charges, if service is requested to perform service outside service's normal business hours."可知，需要付额外的服务成本，比一般的服务成本要高，假如修理职员在正常工作时间以外被需要服务的话。因此B项是正确的，即修理职员的超时服务。依据"Pay for service calls related to product  installation."可知，你需要支付的是叫安装服务的电话成本calls，而不是安装成本，故排除C项．D项也没在文中提到，从而排除，故选B。

65. 【答案】C

 【分析】正误判读题。依据最后一段的"This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may have others which vary from state to state."意为这个保修给予了你具体的合法权利，同时你也会有其他的一些权利，这在不一样的州状况有所不同，因此排除A项。依据"Product has damage due to…floods."可知，因为自然灾害，譬如洪水，导致的损失，是不是保修的，因此排除B项。依据"Product is improperly installed or applied."意为不适合的安装和用导致的损失是不保修的。因此排除D项。故选C。

●   【剖析】本文为一篇说明文，主要讲述的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了想法，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。文章介绍了该项研究存在的困难，研究将要进步的方向和该研究会带来有哪些好处。

66. 【答案】C

 【分析】细节理解题。依据第二段最后一句"The added difficulty with a project like this is that…"可知，事实上那些元件没一件能现货提供的，要理解"be off the shelf"的使用方法，"they had no ready-made components."就是对本句的同义替换，故选C。

67. 【答案】B

 【分析】推理判断题。依据文章内容第三段"but then has to be matched well to everything it's connected to," said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems."故选项A是片面的，排除；依据第四段"so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers'fields or on the battlefield."可知选项C中的"from many sources"应为from many sites/places，故排除；选项D的定位在第五段"Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications."可知，已经很多应用是不对的，故排除。纵览三四两段，特别是第四段尾句Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around," he said. 可判断出只有B正确，故选B。

68. 【答案】D

 【分析】细节理解题。文章末段的"to study biology in ways…would be difficult with animals, but using these robots instead."可知，这类机器人可以替代动物，故D项正确。依据第四段"so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers'fields or on the battlefield."可知A选项错误，故排除。文章最后一段中指出"You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology …"he said. 并没说：不允许拿动物进行生物实验，故排除B选项。依据文章最后一段"Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale."及"So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis."可知，将来会有更多的问题等待大家去探索，但并非说过去在研究昆虫飞行方面常常办法极少，故C项排除。故选D。

69. 【答案】C

 【分析】标题概括题。A选项意为“机器人苍蝇之父”，文章的主题主要说明“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。B选项“来自工程学中的想法”与文章的主题“机器人苍蝇”关系不大，故排除。D选项“哈福大学在昆虫研究范围的突破”，并没点明主题“机器人苍蝇”，故排除。C选项既交待了"Robotic Fly"又讲了与真实日常昆虫的关系，故选C。

8、 信息匹配型任务型阅读

●   【剖析】本文是一篇说明文。文章大意：文章讲述的是针对大家服用过多的维生素等药物，欧盟颁布了一项指令，为了纠正和预防药物的过渡用所产生的问题。

70. 【答案】C

 【分析】依据第一段的内容可知，该段的主要看法是however，之后的内容，前面是提出一个现象，为了引出问题，however之后是文章主要讨论的话题，即there is concern that people are consuming worryingly high doses of these supplements and the European Union has issued a directive that will ban the sale of a wide range of them，担忧大家错误地消费了高剂量的补品，因此EU对此作出了反应，颁布了一项指令，将会禁止补品的广泛用。即C项，UE对过度用健康商品的反应。故选C。

71. 【答案】B

 【分析】依据第二段的Research suggests that people who take Vitamin C supplements of over 5000 milligrams a day are more likely to develop cancer.和A spokesman for the health supplement industry has argued that other research shows that Vitamin C supplements help prevent heart disease. 可知，该段主要讲述了两种截然相反的，关于是不是要服用额外的维生素C的看法，因此选择B项，讲的是关于服用额外维生素的不同发现。故选B。

72. 【答案】F

 【分析】依据该段的The EU directive would help prevent this nightmare of pills replacing food becoming a reality.可知，欧盟的指令将会阻止这种用药片来代替食物的噩梦成为现实，即F项。故选F。

73. 【答案】A

 【分析】依据该段的People already take too many pills instead of adopting a healthier lifestyle.可知，大家已经服用了太多的药片了，故选A。

74. 【答案】E

 【分析】依据最后一段的However，there are many legal examples for such intervention when it is in the individual's best interests…Opposing the EU directive would mean beneficial measures like this would be threatened.可知，欧盟的这项指令目的是为了公众的最大利益，故选E。

9、 阅读表达

●   【剖析】本文是一篇说明文。研究了文学作品中词语的用量。

75. 【答案】in the category of fear；

 【分析】依据第二段的only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage. 可知答案，意思是，只有害怕类别的词语在用上有所增加。故答案为in the category of fear。

76. 【答案】the literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape或other media—movies, radio, drama—had more emotional content；

 【分析】依据第三段的He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a crowded media landscape. 可知答案。故答案为the literary position has changed in a crowded media landscape.或other media—movies, radio, drama—had more emotional content.

77. 【答案】During the roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash.

 【分析】由题干关键字"joy-to-sadness ratio"定位至第五段首句，意为在"During the Roaring Twenties"比率达至顶峰，这种情形直到"before the recent financial crash"才又一次出现。所以"reached a peak"前面的主语与"until"后的内容即为所需要填写的内容，故答案为During the Roaring Twenties and before the recent financial crash。

78. 【答案】their research result reflected wider social trends或songs and books reflected the real population；

 【分析】依据倒数第二段的the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends可知答案，其中reserved opinion指的是对…...有保注意见。故答案为their research result reflected wider social trends.或songs and books reflected the real population.

10、 中文翻译英文

79. 【答案】We enjoyed ourselves this New Year's Day this year.

 【分析】依据句意“今年元旦大家玩得非常高兴”可知，这是对过去事实的描述，故用一般过去时。本句可用主谓宾的简单句式结构，enjoy oneself玩得的高兴。故翻译为We enjoyed ourselves this New Year's Day this year。

80. 【答案】My uncle sent me a card yesterday to congratulate me on my 18th birthday.

 【分析】本句时间为“昨天”，因此时态为一般过去时。人称为第三人称。后半句是前半句的目的，可以用不定式来表示目的，且用到固定表达congratulate sb. on sth.，为某人祝贺某事，因此为to congratulate on my 18th birthday。故翻译为：My uncle sent me a card yesterday to congratulate me on my 18th birthday。

81. 【答案】After years of construction, this town is as lively now as it used to be before the earthquake.

 【分析】本句时间状语为“...…将来”，可以为after…，后加表示时间的名词；本句是对目前通常情况的描述，所以用一般目前时。...…和…...一样，可用到as+形容词/副词+as，这里是“一样充满活力”，as lively as…，lively表示“有活力的”。故翻译为：After years of construction, this town is as lively now as it used to be before the earthquake。

82. 【答案】The performance began with a piece of classical music which was familiar to people in their fifties.

 【分析】结合句意“演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始”可知，这是对过去事实的描述，所以用一般过去时。本句可用which引导的定语从句，begin with以…...开始；be familiar to sb.某物为某人所熟知。故翻译为The performance began with a piece of classical music which was familiar to people in their fifties。

83. 【答案】No sooner had she watched the TV program on the extinct species than she made up her mind to join the wildlife protection organization.

 【分析】依据句意“她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入”可知，这是对过去事实的描述，所以用一般过去时。结合所给的短语No sooner可知，需要用No sooner坐落于句首用倒装的句型，且No sooner引导的从句中的时态需要用过去完成时；make up one's mind to do sth.下定决心做某事。故翻译为No sooner had she watched the TV program on the extinct species than she made up her mind to join the wildlife protection organization。

十1、 书面表达

84. 【答案】Dear Sir or Madam,

I have heard from the newspaper that you, the Shanghai Museum, are planning to organize a famous painting exhibition. And you are now collecting suggestions about whether to hold it in your museum or the art gallery. I am now writing to express my opinion that the exhibition should be held in the museum. My reasons are as follows.

In terms of convenience, the museum has more advantages over the gallery. First, it is located in the People's Square, which is the center of the city. So people can enjoy convenient transportation such as the subway line 1, 2 and 8, which are available to people from nearly every district. It saves the visitors a lot of time and trouble of traffic jam. Another advantage is that it is easy to be found by those from other provinces around the country. After all the Shanghai Museum is a landmark of our city familiar to nearly every Chinese.

With regard to the professional function, though it seems natural that an art exhibition be set in the gallery, in a more general sense, I think the museum has more advanced facilities to make the exhibition successful and to preserve the paintings well. As we know, the museum has successfully held many national and international exhibitions and its advertising and organizing experience is of no match; also its staff is qualified and professional.

To sum up, I am sure the show will be fantastic if it is held in Shanghai Museum.

Yours,

Li Hua

 【分析】本文是一篇半开放式作文，是提纲作文。依据所提供的材料信息，写一封信，就上海博物馆将要举办的一次画展场合（博物馆还是社区图书馆）发表我们的想法。写作时人称以第一和第三人称为主，时态以一般目前时为主。写作要素：1. 简述你写信的目的及你对场合的选择； 2. 说明你的原因（从便利性，专业性等方面对这两个场合进行对比）。